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Malaysian and IndonesianBible translations have a lot of common history up until the modern era. Apart from the shared Malay language which historically was the lingua franca of the Malay archipelago and forms the basis for the national languages of Indonesia and Malaysia today, portions of the Bible have been translated into a variety of indigenous languages in the region.
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The translation of the Bible into the Malay language was one of the first extant translations of the Bible in an East Asian language.[1]
Albert Cornelius Ruyl, a Protestant first translated the Gospel of Matthew in 1612 into the Malay. This was followed by the translation of the Gospel of Mark in 1638. The full Canonical Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles was revised and published in 1651 by Justus Heurnius, the chaplain of Batavia. [2] The main early Translators of the Bible into the Malay language were Melchior Leydekker, H. C. Klinkert, and W.G. Shellabear. Leydekker was appointed to the ministry of the Dutch churches at Batavia in 1678.[3]
The 3 volume Leydekker translation in the Jawi script was published by J. Willmet in 1824[4]
Indonesian and English multilingual Bible. 1 Pada mulanya, waktu Allah mulai menciptakan alam semesta, 2 bumi belum berbentuk, dan masih kacau-balau. Samudra yang bergelora, yang menutupi segala sesuatu, diliputi oleh gelap gulita, tetapi kuasa Allah bergerak di atas permukaan air.
Today, there are more than 112 indigenous languages in use in Malaysia, while indigenous Indonesian languages consist of more than 701 languages. [5]
- 1Malaysian languages
- 2Indonesian languages
Malaysian languages[edit]
Malay (1612)[edit]
After Malaya became independent in 1957, a radical transformation occurred in the use of Malay in Christian literature. The original thrust had been two-fold, to work amongst the Peranakan Chinese and the Malays. The former had no longer become dependent on Baba Malay literature as the younger generation started becoming more conversant in English while legal and social considerations had essentially halted evangelistic work amongst the Malays, especially in Malaya (and to a lesser extant in Singapore). [6]
The emphasis shifted from providing literature in the Malay language to one that would provide literature in the Malaysian language, a standardised form of Malay in Malaysia, for future generations who would be educated in the language. The Malay Language Committee of the British and Foreign Bible Society auxiliary in Singapore, the Bible Society of Malaya was phased out in the 1960s and was replaced by the National Language Committee. [6] The Bible Society of Malaya was re-constituted as the independent Bible Society of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei (BSSMB) in 1969 [7] and continued the work of the originating Bible society.
The first translation in Bahasa Malaysia was published in 1987 by the Bible Society of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei as the Alkitab Berita Baik (transl. Good News Bible). This was followed by a revision in 1996 by the Bible Society of Malaysia.[8]
A formal equivalence translation of the Bible was published in 2015 and is known as the Alkitab Versi Borneo (transl. Borneo Version Bible). This is the first formal translation of the Bible in Bahasa Malaysia since Malaya became independent. [9]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Alkitab Berita Baik (1996) | Allah sangat mengasihi orang di dunia ini sehingga Dia memberikan Anak-Nya yang tunggal, supaya setiap orang yang percaya kepada Anak itu tidak binasa tetapi beroleh hidup sejati dan kekal |
| Alkitab Versi Borneo (2015) | Allah begitu mengasihi dunia sehingga menganugerahkan Anak-Nya yang tunggal supaya setiap orang yang percaya kepada-Nya tidak binasa melainkan mendapat hidup kekal |
Iban (1864)[edit]
Portions of the Bible in the Iban language (Ethnologue: iba) spoken by the Iban people (also known as the Sea Dayak) of Sarawak was first translated in the 19th century. In 1864, the Gospels of Matthew and Mark was published by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. In 1933, the full New Testament was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society. [10]
A new translation of the whole Bible in Iban known as the Bup Kudus was initiated in 1988 [11] and published in 2001 by the Bible Society of Malaysia. This was revised and published as the Bup Kudus Baru (transl. New Holy Scriptures) in 2011. [12]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Bup Kudus Baru (2011) | Laban Allah Taala balat rinduka dunya, nya alai Iya meri Anak Tunggal Iya, ngambika genap iku orang ke arapka Iya enda mati tang bulih pengidup ti meruan belama iya |
Biatah Bidayuh (1887)[edit]
Portions of the Bible in the Biatah language (Ethnologue: bth) spoken by the Bidayuh people (also known as the Land Dayak of Sarawak was first translated and published in 1887 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. A complete New Testament was published by the Bible Society of Malaya in 1963. [10]
A complete revision of the New Testament called the Simanya Bauh was published by the Bible Society of Malaysia in 2003. [12]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Simanya Bauh (2003) | Tapa ruai rindu ong ndŭg ka mbŭh nggen Anak tambŭ-I, isa barang naan adi sabah di Ayŭh dŭh re kabŭs pak dapŭd udip adi sawŭ adi tan adu adu |
Baba Malay (1913)[edit]
A New Testament in Baba Malay (Ethnologue: mbf) used by the Straits Chinese was translated and published in 1913 by W. G. Shellabear. [13][14]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Perjanjian Baharu Melayu Baba (1913) | Kerna bgitu-lah Allah sudah kaseh ini dunia, sampai dia kasi Anak-nya yang tunggal spaya masing-masing orang yang perchaya sama dia jangan binasa, ttapi dapat hidop yang kkal |
Semai (1935)[edit]
Earlier referred to as the Sengoi language, portions of the Bible was translated as early as 1935 [13]and published in 1951. The book of Luke was revised and published as a diglot with the Semai language (Ethnologue: sea) and Bahasa Malaysia text shown side-by-side in 2012 by the Bible Society of Malaysia. Work remains ongoing for the translation of the whole Bible into the Semai language. [15]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Semai Translation (1951) | Sabagei adeh loh hanno Jah ha dunnya adch, loi kiok ya Iloi Ikenon du kihaloi ajeh, supaye barang bo pun kipechahya ha Iloi to pe jehanam, ketapi kiberkop sui du kekal |
Kenyah (1971)[edit]
A translation of the New Testament in Mainstream Kenyah (Ethnologue: xkl) spoken by the Kenyah people of Sarawak and East Kalimantan have been available since 1971 and was first published by the Bible Society of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. [16] Work has been ongoing since 2002 for a translation of the whole Bible by the Kenyah Translation Committee with technical support and assistance in linguistics, translation and software from the Summer Institute of Linguistics. [17]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Kenyah New Testament (1971) | Bioʹ puyan Allah malaʹ neng ilu kelunan kusun tanaʹ ini, ina ukoʹ o mencai Anak ke iaʹ bang ca ina le milu, apan mung kelunan diaʹ ngelan neng ia abeʹ un tai matai penco, un sepuʹo ida ke alaʹ udip saheʹ kelineʹ iaʹ ngeriman |
Penan (1974)[edit]
Translations of portions of the Bible in the Penan language (Ethnologue: pez) spoken by the Penan people have been available since 1974. [18] A complete New Testament in Penan was completed and published in 2011 and is known as the Rengah Jian. [12]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Rengah Jian (2011) | Uban ja'au penika Allah ngan kekat kelunan tong tana' iteu', inah Iah mena' Anak Néh éh jah de' ke' inah, dokoo' séé'-séé' éh ngelan tong Anak Néh, bé' éh matai bang néh omok alaa' urip pelinguh |
Kadazandusun (1975)[edit]
While translations of portions of the Bible in the Dusunic languages have existed since 1975, work to translate a new translation of the Bible in the standard Kadazandusun language spoken by the Kadazan people of Sabah was initiated in 2001. Known as the Buuk Do Kinorohingan, it was published in 2007 by the Bible Society of Malaysia. [12][19]
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| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Buuk Do Kinorohingan (2007) | Tu' nosianan no kopio o Kinorohingan do tulun do hiti'd pomogunan, gisom do pinatahak dau i Tanak dau dit iso-iso', om pointikid-tikid do tulun di monongkuyaan dau om amu' no apatai, suwai ko' kaanu do koposion dit otopot kopio om i poingompus |
Lun Dayeh / Lun Bawang (1982)[edit]
The Bible in the Lun Dayeh language (Ethnologue: lnd) known as the Bala Luk Do' was first translated and published in 1982 by the Bible Society of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. It was the first whole book published in the language of the Lun Bawang people who reside in the interior border region between Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan. A revision of the Bala Luk Do' was completed and published in 1998. [12]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Bala Luk Do' (1982) | Ngaceku Allah mawa kuan uang tana’ ini, pad Ieh nemaré Anak bulengNeh, idi idé’-idé luk manu Neneh na miak maté, iamo’ ieh ngalap ulun luk meruked |
Murut Timugon (1998)[edit]
The New Testament in Murut Timugon (Ethnologue: tih) spoken by the Murut people of Sabah was published in 1998 by the Bible Society of Malaysia. It is called the Nabantuan Bagu. [12] The full Bible known as the Tanou Moonsoi Timugon was published in 2013 also by the Bible Society of Malaysia in both a Catholic and Protestant version. [20]
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| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Tanou Moonsoi Timugon (2013) | Sabap ra maayo kaga' guang ri Aki Kapuuno' ra ulun ru tana' ti, saboi nanaak Io ra Anak Langkuir Nano, maa' raginio moonong ulun ondo' mangintopot Riso kalo mapuso, kaa' mokoowot ra kaayagan mantilayun |
Tagal Murut (2003)[edit]
The Bible in the language of the Murut people (Ethnologue: mvv) of southwestern Sabah and northeastern Sarawak known as the Rahu Nu Tuhan Aho Onsoi was published in 2003 by the Bible Society of Malaysia. [12]
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Rahu Nu Tuhan Aho Onsoi (2003) | Nga maayo hua bonsoi asi' nu Ala ra ulun nu tana' hitu suku' io nanaak ra Anak no saumi hili aun-aun ulun angintopot rio ikaa aukuman io ya akaundut ra bayah otopot am ampus-ampus |
Indonesian languages[edit]
Indonesian[edit]
Alkitab Online Free Indonesian Bible Online
Since Indonesia gained its independence, there have been at least ten Bible translations made, due to the rapid changes in the Indonesian language; every few years each translation's language becomes outdated. The most widespread translation used by Indonesian speakers right now is the Terjemahan Baru, or 'New Translation' (1974), published by LAI ('Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia,' or Indonesian Bible Society).
List of modern (1945 onward) translations:
- Alkitab Terjemahan Lama (1958): called the Old Translation after the New Translation (1974) came out. Before that it was the only translation in the Indonesian language. However, it was not an original translation; rather, it was a combined translation from Klinkert's Old Testament (1879), in Malay language, and Bode's New Testament (1938) also in Malay language, which was called 'an emergency publication'[21]
- Alkitab Bouma/Ende (1968): first Catholic translation in Indonesian language by P.Y. Bouma, printed in Ende, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur
- Alkitab Terjemahan Baru (1974): first fresh Protestant translation in Indonesian language by Indonesian Bible Society's team of translators, printed in Jakarta
- Alkitab Kabar Baik (BIS) (1985): first dynamic translation in Indonesian language (since Terjemahan Baru was translated in formal Indonesian) by IBS, based on Today's English Version
- Firman Allah Yang Hidup (1989) by Yayasan Kalam Hidup: printed in Bandung, this translation is based on The Living Bible, and paraphrased by a team led by Dr. Ganda Wargasetia
- Kitab Suci Terjemahan Dunia Baru (Edisi 1999) - Based on English edition of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released in 1984, produced by Jehovah's Witnesses.[22]
- Kitab Suci Injil (2000): a revision of 1912 Malay New Testament by Shellabear, printed side-by-side with its Greek text
- Kitab Suci Komunitas Kristiani (2002) by Yayasan OBOR: a new Catholic translation, printed in Jakarta
- Alkitab Versi Mudah Dibaca (2005) by World Bible Translation Center: a new translation based on the Easy to Read Version
- Indonesian Literal Translation (2008) by Yayasan Lentera Bangsa: a new translation aimed primarily at the wording of 'Yahweh' instead of 'Allah' (used in every other Indonesian Bible)
- Wasiat Baru - King James Indonesia (2011): a new translation based on the King James Version and other English versions such as the New International Version
- Kitab Suci Terjemahan Dunia Baru (Edisi 2017)[23] - This Bible is based from the English 2013 revision of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, replacing the previous Indonesian edition released in 1999, produced by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Javanese[edit]
Gottlob Brückner (1783–1857) translated the Bible into Javanese language, the largest local language of Indonesia, in 1820[24]
- Brückner Bible: printed 1829 in Serampore
- Gericke Bible: 1848
- Janz Bible: 1893
- Indonesian Bible Society: 1994 (OT and NT in Today Java's Version) and 2006 (NT in Javanese Formal Translation)
- Kitab-Kitab Yunani Kristen Terjemahan Donya Anyar (New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures): 2018[25], produced by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Indonesian Bible Online Free Downloads
Dayak Ngaju[edit]
J.F. Becker and A. Hardeland translated the Bible into Dayak Ngaju language of southern Kalimantan (1846 NT, 1858 OT)
Sundanese[edit]
J. Esser translated the Matthew into Sundanese language of western Java (1854). Then G.J. Grashuis translated Luke in 1886. In 1877, the whole New Testament was finished by Sierk Coolsma, and followed by the whole Bible in 1891. Coolsma also published some books of the NT in Arabic script (Jawi script) in 1871.
Bugis/Makassar[edit]
B.F. Matthes (1818–1908) translated the Bible into Bugis language of southern Sulawesi (1863 Matthew, 1888 NT, 1901 OT) and Makassar language (1864 Matthew, 1888 OT, 1900 NT).
Batak Toba[edit]
Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen (1834 - 1918), of the Rhenish Mission Society, translated the Bible into Batak Toba of northern Sumatra (1878 in Batak script and 1885 in Latin script)
Jehovah's Witnesses also translate their Bible in Batak Toba. It is called Bibel Hata ni Debata tu Angka Jolma na Naeng Mangolu di Tano na Imbaru (Mateus-Pangungkapon), which based from the Christian Greek Scriptures of the English revision of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released in 2013.[26]
Sangir[edit]
Language Online Indonesian
E.T. Steller (1834–1897) translated the Bible into Siau language (1883 NT) and Sangir language of northern Sulawesi (1942 NT).
References[edit]
- ^Hunt, Robert (June 1989). 'The History of the Translation of the Bible into Malay'(PDF). Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 52 (1): 35–56. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
- ^'Sejarah Penerjemahan Alkitab dalam Bahasa Melayu/Indonesia' [The History of Bible Translations in Malay/Indonesian Language]. sabda.org (in Indonesian).
- ^Report of the British and foreign Bible society:11-13 p50
- ^Catalogus van boeken en plaatwerken meerendeels nagelaten door wijlen de WelEerw. Heeren S. G. Jorissen, .. en W. N. Stort, .. Waarvan de verkooping zal plaats hebben op Maandag 11 December 1865 ..
- ^Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2019). Ethnologue: Languages of Asia. Twenty-first edition. Dallas, TX, USA: SIL Internationa. ISBN978-1-55671-418-4.
- ^ abReports of the Malay Language Committee and the National Language Committee (Report). Malaya Annual Conference Journal. 1955–1973.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ^'Bible Society of Singapore - Our Story'. Bible Society of Singapore. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^Alkitab Berita Baik. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Bible Society of Malaysia. 2001. p. Preface. ISBN983-030-013-7.
- ^'Tentang LAB' [About LAB]. Alkitab Versi Borneo (in Malay). LAB Network. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ abNorth, Eric M. (1983). The Book of a Thousand Tongues. Farmington Hills, MI, USA: Gale / Cengage Publishing.
- ^'Bup Kudus'. YouVersion. Life Church. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ abcdefg'Local Language Bibles'. Bible Society of Malaysia. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ abKilgour, R (1939). The Bible Throughout The World: A Survey of Scripture Translations. New York City, NY, USA: World Dominion Press.
- ^Soesilo, Daud (2001). Mengenal Alkitab Anda [Knowing Your Bible] (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia. ISBN978-979-463-372-4.
- ^Hassan, Bahalu (1 March 2006). 'God's Three Calls Upon Me'. Pelita Methodist. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: The Methodist Church in Malaysia. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^'Kenyah New Testament'. Find A Bible. Digital Bible Society. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^'Kenyah Scripture Translation Project'. Given Gain Foundation. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^'Rengah Jian'. YouVersion. Life Church. Retrieved 30 April 2019.https://www.bible.com/versions/134-rj-rengah-jian
- ^'Buuk Do Kinorohingan'. YouVersion. Life Church. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^'Tanou Moonsoi Timugon (TMT)'. YouVersion. Life Church. Retrieved 30 April 2019.>
- ^'Sejarah Alkitab Indonesia: Versi Terjemahan Lama'. sabda.org (in Indonesian).
- ^'Tonggak Sejarah Rohani!'. wol.jw.org. 1999-10-15. pp. 28–32.
- ^'Terjemahan Dunia Baru (Revisi 2017) Diterbitkan oleh Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa'. JW.ORG (in Indonesian). 2017.
- ^Timeline of BIble translation in local languages of Indonesia
- ^'Kitab-Kitab Yunani Kristen Terjemahan Donya Anyar'. JW.ORG. 2018.
- ^'Bibel Online—Jaha manang Unduh ma ndang manggararar: MP3, AAC, PDF, EPUB, Soara'. JW.ORG.
External links[edit]
- (in Malay)Today's Malay Version
- (in Malay)History Alkitab Berita Baik